Revista Bioetica (ISSN: 1983-8042) is an international, Open Access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to publishing high-quality, original research across a broad spectrum of academic disciplines. The journal promotes interdisciplinary scholarship and supports the principles of Open Science by ensuring free and global access to rigorously reviewed research. It provides a platform for researchers, academicians, practitioners, and policymakers to share innovative ideas, empirical studies, theoretical advancements, and evidence-based solutions that address contemporary local, regional, and global challenges. Revista Bioetica publishes original research articles, review papers, case studies, short communications, and scholarly discussions in fields including Arts and Humanities, Social Sciences, Medicine and Health Sciences, and other multidisciplinary areas, while maintaining the highest standards of academic integrity, ethical publishing, and scientific excellence.
The Architecture of Influence: Indo-U.S. Strategic Alignment, Youth Mobilization, and the Struggle for Nepalese Sovereignty
The paper discusses the effect of Indo-U.S. strategic positionality on the sovereignty of Nepal in the post-Gen Z era. By stepping up relations with India as a counterweight to China, the US puts Nepal at risk of being drawn into supranational alliance politics. The significance of this study lies in how youth activism, and especially the ‘I am generation (Z)’ campaign, resists political positioning and outside forces. The project is organized as a qualitative study, analyzing the connection between state diplomacy and social mobilization through media analysis, archival research, and a survey and review of institutional resistance. Indo-U. S. Alignment is undermining economic and security sovereignty, neoliberalism, and unratified military agreements; the Gen Z movement is a much-needed respite from informational opacity.Nepal must engage with new diplomatic partners and utilize youth-led civic engagement to maintain its historical non-alignment and national political sovereignty.
Exploratory Factor Analysis on the Entrepreneurial Intention among Management Students in Nepal
Entrepreneurship is known to be an important engine of economic success and employment among the youth but its development among youth continues to be a complicated psychological process. This research is an examination of the underlying dimensions of entrepreneurial intention among management students in Nepal, a country with high unemployment amongst the youth and where a sense of urgency to adopt a culture of start-ups is evident. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the study mainly seeks to determine the factors that influence student orientation towards self-employment as well as analyzing the predictive ability of psychological and institutional antecedents. Adopting a descriptive-cum-analytical design, data were collected via a systematic survey of 373 management students from Tribhuvan University-affiliated campuses in Nepal. The questionnaire was structured based on Luiz and Mariotti (2011) and it was found to have high internal reliability with Cronbachs alpha of 0.760. The statistical analysis was performed with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation with the help of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett tests. The findings showed a strong six-factor model that explained 72.563% of the total cumulative variance. The most dominant factors were found to be cost management (loading 0.932), decision-making under uncertainty (0.910), and risk avoidance (0.904) and institutional support and perceived benefits of entrepreneurship. These results validate the idea that entrepreneurial intention is a strategic decision and is deliberate and consistent with the TPB. The researchers find that university degrees might serve as the theoretical basis, but there is no sufficient experience and mentorship without these resources. The implications are that academic institutions need to shift to strategic alliances with the corporate sector, and the financial literacy and resilience training should become part of the curriculum. Policymakers can motivate graduates to shift traditional job-seeking and innovative job-creation, leading to sustainable economic growth in a country.
The Book of Philemon: An Architectural Paradigm for Brotherhood in Nigeria
The concept of brotherhood is commonly used in the humanities. Brotherhood is a feeling that develops beyond the instinct found in man. The true brotherhood is love, where personal interest is a second option. Religious books and ethno-cultural tenets in Nigeria have various references to this; their teachings recognise a deep emotional connection between believers of the same faith, which also exists among non-religious organisations. It is not limited to blood relations but symbolises kindness and unity. Paul displays this concept in his letter to Philemon towards Onesimus, a runaway slave. Beyond a reasonable doubt in Nigeria, the overt and covert praxis of brotherhood has elapsed and substituted for servitude. Despite the worldwide abolition of slavery, relevant existing literature revealed that slavery still infiltrates human existence due to hardship situations in the country and the quest for personal interest and superiority. However, the work concluded and recommended that individuals should take responsibility for promoting oneness, without the racial and socio-ethnic structures that thwart Nigerian society today. Leaders should demonstrate strong leadership by protecting their citizens' rights. Since maltreatment, slavery, human trafficking, and all other inhuman habits are considered detrimental within the ethno-cultural setting today.
Organizational Perspectives on Contemporary Crises in U.S. Higher Education: A Conceptual Analysis Based on Manning's Organizational Theory
American colleges and universities confront a period of sustained institutional strain in which fiscal contraction, legislative encroachment and eroding public trust converge upon governance structures ill equipped to absorb them simultaneously, a condition this paper examined under the title "Organizational Perspectives on Contemporary Crises in U.S. Higher Education: A Conceptual Analysis Based on Manning's Organizational Theory." The paper aimed to examine the financial, political and cultural dimensions of these crises, to analyse how Manning's bureaucratic, political and cultural frames account for institutional responses, and to establish the theoretical relevance of Manning's organisational theory for interpreting the interaction among these pressures. The analysis adopted Manning's organisational theory as its guiding framework, selected for its capacity to accommodate the layered character of institutional behaviour without reducing crisis to a single explanatory variable. A systematic review methodology, guided by PRISMA principles, was employed, drawing on verifiable peer-reviewed journals, working papers and scholarly monographs. The paper indicated that financial retrenchment, exemplified by widespread college closures and programme eliminations, political interference, evident in escalating legislative hostility and direct governance intervention, and declining institutional confidence operate as concurrent and mutually reinforcing conditions rather than isolated episodes. The paper concluded that Manning's multi-frame theory offers indispensable interpretive capacity for understanding these compounding pressures. It recommended governance-sensitive financial monitoring, stronger procedural safeguards around trustee and presidential appointments, and the adoption of multi-frame organisational analysis in institutional crisis response.
Epidemiological Profile of Unnatural Female Deaths: A Three-Year Retrospective Autopsy-Based Study from Northeast India
Background: Unnatural deaths among women represent a significant public health and medicolegal concern, reflecting the prevailing social, cultural, and healthcare circumstances of a community. Understanding the epidemiological profile and causes of such deaths is essential for formulating preventive strategies and strengthening women's safety. The present study aimed to evaluate the pattern, causes, and demographic characteristics of unnatural female deaths in Sonitpur district, Assam, India. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on all eligible female medicolegal autopsies performed at the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Tezpur Medical College and Hospital, over a three-year period from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2022. Data were retrieved from autopsy reports, inquest reports, and police requisition forms. After applying the exclusion criteria, 424 cases were included in the study. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and expressed as frequencies and percentages. Results: A total of 424 cases of unnatural female deaths were analysed, accounting for 36.61% of all medicolegal autopsies conducted during the study period. Women aged 21–30 years (35.85%) constituted the largest proportion of cases, followed by those aged 31–40 years (32.31%). Hanging was the most common cause of death (40.56%), followed by road traffic accidents (26.42%) and poisoning (15.56%). Suicide was the predominant manner of death, accounting for 63.68% of cases. Married women constituted 77.36% of the study population, with the highest number of deaths occurring among those who had been married for 7–14 years. Conclusion: Suicide, particularly by hanging, was the leading cause of unnatural female deaths in the present study, with young and middle-aged married women being the most affected. The findings highlight the need for strengthening mental health services, improving injury prevention measures, and implementing region-specific public health interventions aimed at reducing preventable female mortality. Further multicentric studies incorporating psychosocial and socioeconomic variables are recommended to better understand the determinants of unnatural female deaths.
Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Consumption Behavior Among Young Consumers
Growing environmental concerns have encouraged consumers to adopt more sustainable lifestyles and purchasing behaviors. This study examines the relationship between environmental awareness and sustainable consumption among young adults. It investigates factors influencing eco-friendly purchasing decisions, including environmental education, social influence, product labeling, and government regulations. Survey findings indicate that environmentally conscious consumers are more likely to purchase sustainable products despite higher prices. However, financial constraints and limited product availability remain significant barriers. The study recommends strengthening environmental education and encouraging businesses to adopt sustainable production practices.
The Role of Public Policy in Addressing Homelessness and Social Exclusion
Homelessness represents one of the most visible forms of social exclusion and economic inequality. This study explores the effectiveness of public policies designed to reduce homelessness through affordable housing, employment assistance, healthcare access, and social welfare programs. It examines the structural causes of homelessness, including poverty, unemployment, mental health challenges, and housing shortages. Through comparative policy analysis and case studies, the research identifies successful intervention strategies implemented in different countries. The findings demonstrate that integrated housing and social support programs produce better long-term outcomes than temporary emergency assistance. The study recommends comprehensive policy approaches focusing on prevention and long-term social inclusion.
Media Representation of Gender Roles and Its Influence on Public Perceptions
Mass media significantly influences societal attitudes toward gender by shaping perceptions of masculinity, femininity, and gender equality. This study examines how television, films, advertisements, and social media portray gender roles and how these portrayals affect public attitudes and behavior. Using content analysis and audience surveys, the research evaluates stereotypes, representation, and diversity in media content. The findings reveal that while media increasingly promotes gender equality, traditional stereotypes continue to influence audience perceptions. The study concludes that responsible media representation and inclusive storytelling are essential for promoting gender equity and reducing discrimination.
The Impact of Social Entrepreneurship on Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Community Development
Social entrepreneurship combines business innovation with social objectives to address complex societal challenges. This study investigates the contribution of social enterprises to poverty reduction, employment generation, and community development. It examines successful social entrepreneurship initiatives operating in education, healthcare, environmental sustainability, and rural development. Through case study analysis and interviews with entrepreneurs, the research identifies the factors contributing to organizational success and long-term social impact. The findings suggest that social enterprises create sustainable solutions by combining financial sustainability with community participation. The study recommends stronger government support, access to funding, and entrepreneurship education to encourage social innovation.
The Relationship Between Income Inequality and Social Well-Being: A Comparative Analysis
Income inequality has become a growing concern for policymakers due to its impact on economic stability and social cohesion. This study examines the relationship between income distribution and various indicators of social well-being, including health, education, employment, and social trust. It compares countries with different levels of economic inequality to identify patterns affecting quality of life and social mobility. Statistical analysis reveals that societies with lower income inequality generally experience higher levels of public trust, better health outcomes, and stronger educational performance. The study emphasizes the importance of progressive taxation, inclusive economic policies, and investment in public services to reduce inequality and promote sustainable development.
Digital Literacy and Its Role in Promoting Social Inclusion in the Information Society
Digital literacy has become an essential skill in modern society, influencing education, employment, communication, and civic participation. This study explores the role of digital literacy in promoting social inclusion among different demographic groups. It examines disparities in access to technology, internet connectivity, and digital skills among rural populations, older adults, and economically disadvantaged communities. Using survey data and policy analysis, the research evaluates initiatives aimed at improving digital competence and reducing technological inequality. The findings indicate that enhanced digital literacy contributes to better educational outcomes, increased employment opportunities, and greater participation in public life. The study recommends expanding digital education programs and improving access to affordable technology.
The Socioeconomic Consequences of Rural-to-Urban Migration in Developing Countries
Rural-to-urban migration has become one of the defining characteristics of economic development in many developing countries. This study investigates the causes and consequences of migration from rural areas to cities, focusing on employment opportunities, housing, education, healthcare, and family relationships. It also explores the challenges faced by migrants, including informal employment, inadequate housing, and limited social support. Through demographic analysis and field interviews, the research examines how migration contributes to both urban growth and rural depopulation. The findings suggest that migration improves income opportunities but often creates new social and economic inequalities. The study concludes that balanced regional development and improved rural infrastructure are essential to reducing migration-related challenges.
Social Capital and Community Development: Examining the Role of Trust, Networks, and Civic Engagement
Social capital has emerged as an important concept in understanding how communities function and develop. It refers to the networks, trust, and shared values that enable individuals to work together toward common goals. This study examines the relationship between social capital and community development by analyzing how interpersonal trust, voluntary organizations, and civic participation contribute to local governance and social well-being. The research employs a mixed-method approach, including surveys and community case studies, to evaluate the role of social networks in promoting economic development, reducing social conflicts, and strengthening public institutions. The findings indicate that communities with higher levels of social capital demonstrate greater resilience, stronger cooperation, and improved quality of life. The study recommends policies that encourage civic participation and strengthen community-based organizations.
Community Participation in Local Governance: Strengthening Democratic Development and Public Accountability
Active citizen participation is fundamental to democratic governance and sustainable community development. This study examines the role of community participation in local decision-making processes, public service delivery, and policy implementation. It explores how citizen engagement contributes to transparency, accountability, and trust in local government institutions. Using case studies, interviews, and policy analysis, the research evaluates the effectiveness of participatory governance mechanisms in improving local development outcomes. The findings indicate that communities with higher levels of public participation experience more responsive governance and improved public services. The study concludes that strengthening civic education and participatory institutions is essential for promoting democratic accountability and inclusive development.
Population Aging and Social Welfare Systems: Policy Challenges in an Aging Society
Population aging has become a major demographic trend affecting healthcare systems, labor markets, and social welfare policies across the world. This study examines the social and economic implications of increasing life expectancy and declining birth rates. It investigates challenges related to pension sustainability, elderly healthcare, long-term care services, and family support systems. Through comparative policy analysis and demographic data, the research identifies successful strategies adopted by aging societies. The findings suggest that integrated healthcare services, active aging programs, and sustainable pension reforms are essential for maintaining the quality of life of older adults while ensuring long-term economic stability.
The Impact of Mass Media on Public Perception and Social Attitudes
Mass media remains one of the most influential institutions in shaping public opinion and social values. This study investigates how television, newspapers, digital news platforms, and social media influence public perceptions regarding politics, health, education, and social issues. It examines media framing, agenda-setting, and information credibility while exploring audience trust in traditional and digital media. Using surveys and content analysis, the research evaluates the relationship between media exposure and public attitudes. The findings suggest that media significantly influences individual perceptions and collective behavior, making media literacy essential for informed citizenship and responsible information consumption.
The Role of Education in Promoting Social Inclusion and Reducing Economic Inequality
Education is widely recognized as a powerful tool for achieving social inclusion and reducing economic inequality. This study explores how equitable access to quality education contributes to social mobility, employment opportunities, and community development. It examines disparities related to income, gender, rural-urban differences, and access to educational resources. Through comparative analysis of educational policies and socioeconomic indicators, the research evaluates strategies for improving educational equity. The findings indicate that increased investment in education, inclusive learning environments, and financial support for disadvantaged students significantly reduce social inequalities. The study emphasizes education as a foundation for sustainable and inclusive national development.
Consumer Behavior and Online Shopping Trends in the Digital Economy
The rapid expansion of electronic commerce has significantly changed consumer purchasing behavior across the world. This study examines the factors influencing online shopping decisions, including convenience, pricing, trust, product reviews, digital payment systems, and social media marketing. It also explores how demographic characteristics affect consumer preferences in digital marketplaces. Using survey data and statistical analysis, the research identifies key factors contributing to customer satisfaction and repeat purchasing behavior. The findings demonstrate that trust, secure payment systems, and personalized digital experiences strongly influence consumer decisions. The study provides recommendations for businesses seeking to improve customer engagement and long-term loyalty in competitive online markets.
Work-Life Balance and Employee Well-Being in the Era of Remote and Hybrid Work
The increasing adoption of remote and hybrid work arrangements has transformed workplace practices and employee lifestyles. This study examines how flexible working environments influence job satisfaction, productivity, work-life balance, and mental well-being. It investigates both the advantages of remote work, such as increased flexibility and reduced commuting time, and challenges including social isolation, work overload, and blurred personal boundaries. Using employee surveys and organizational case studies, the research evaluates the effectiveness of workplace policies supporting employee well-being. The findings suggest that organizations implementing flexible schedules, mental health support, and effective communication strategies experience higher employee satisfaction and improved organizational performance.
Globalization and Cultural Identity: Balancing Tradition and Modernity in the Twenty-First Century
Globalization has accelerated cultural exchange while influencing local traditions, languages, values, and lifestyles. This research investigates how globalization affects cultural identity among diverse communities and explores the challenges of preserving cultural heritage in an increasingly interconnected world. The study examines the role of education, media, migration, and digital communication in shaping cultural identities across generations. Through comparative case studies, the findings reveal that globalization promotes cultural diversity and economic opportunities but may also contribute to cultural homogenization and the loss of traditional practices. The research concludes that balanced cultural policies, heritage preservation programs, and intercultural dialogue are essential for maintaining cultural diversity while embracing global development.
The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Promoting Social Development and Community Empowerment
Civil society organizations have become key partners in addressing social issues that governments alone cannot effectively resolve. This study explores the contributions of non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations, and voluntary associations in promoting education, healthcare, environmental conservation, and poverty alleviation. It examines how these organizations encourage community participation, social inclusion, and democratic governance through grassroots initiatives. Using case studies and qualitative interviews, the research evaluates their effectiveness in improving local development outcomes. The findings indicate that strong partnerships between governments and civil society organizations contribute significantly to sustainable development and citizen empowerment. The study recommends strengthening institutional support and increasing public participation in community development programs.
The Influence of Digital Technology on Social Relationships and Human Interaction in Contemporary Society
Digital technology has transformed the way individuals communicate, establish relationships, and participate in social life. Mobile applications, social networking platforms, and instant messaging services have increased global connectivity while changing traditional forms of interpersonal communication. This study examines the effects of digital technology on family relationships, friendships, workplace communication, and community engagement. It also investigates issues such as digital dependency, social isolation, cyberbullying, and declining face-to-face interaction. Using survey research and qualitative interviews, the study explores how different age groups experience these social changes. The findings suggest that although digital technology improves communication efficiency and expands social networks, excessive dependence on digital platforms may reduce the quality of personal relationships. The study recommends promoting healthy digital habits and encouraging balanced online and offline social interactions.
Social Inequality and Access to Healthcare: Examining Socioeconomic Barriers to Health Equity
Access to quality healthcare remains one of the most significant indicators of social development and human well-being. Nevertheless, substantial disparities persist due to differences in income, education, geographic location, and social status. This study examines how socioeconomic inequality influences access to healthcare services and health outcomes among diverse population groups. It analyzes healthcare affordability, insurance coverage, availability of medical facilities, and public health policies using secondary data and comparative analysis. The findings reveal that disadvantaged communities continue to experience limited access to preventive care and essential health services, resulting in poorer health outcomes. The study concludes that reducing healthcare inequality requires universal health coverage, equitable resource distribution, and targeted interventions addressing the social determinants of health.
Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Employment: Opportunities, Challenges, and Workforce Adaptation
Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping labor markets by automating routine tasks, improving productivity, and creating new employment opportunities. However, technological advancement also raises concerns regarding job displacement, changing skill requirements, and widening income inequality. This study examines the socioeconomic implications of AI adoption across different industries and occupations. It evaluates the balance between technological innovation and workforce adaptation through policy analysis and labor market data. The findings indicate that while automation may replace certain jobs, it also creates demand for advanced digital, analytical, and creative skills. The study emphasizes the importance of lifelong learning, vocational training, and government-supported reskilling programs to ensure inclusive economic growth and workforce resilience.
Migration, Cultural Identity, and Social Integration in Multicultural Societies
International migration has become an important feature of globalization, creating increasingly multicultural societies across the world. While migration contributes to economic development and cultural diversity, it also raises questions regarding identity, social integration, and inclusion. This study investigates the experiences of migrants as they adapt to new cultural environments while maintaining connections to their heritage. Through interviews, policy analysis, and comparative case studies, the research examines language, education, employment, and community participation as key factors influencing successful integration. The findings indicate that inclusive public policies, intercultural dialogue, and equal access to opportunities strengthen social cohesion while preserving cultural diversity. The study concludes that effective integration requires cooperation between governments, communities, and migrants themselves.
Mental Health Awareness Among University Students: Challenges, Stigma, and Institutional Support
Mental health issues have become increasingly prevalent among university students due to academic pressure, financial concerns, social expectations, and personal challenges. Despite growing awareness, stigma surrounding mental illness continues to discourage many students from seeking professional support. This study examines the level of mental health awareness among university students and explores the effectiveness of institutional counseling services and awareness programs. Using questionnaires and focus group discussions, the research identifies common psychological challenges and barriers to accessing mental health care. The findings suggest that universities with comprehensive mental health initiatives report higher levels of student well-being and greater willingness to seek professional assistance. The study recommends integrating mental health education into university curricula and expanding accessible counseling services.
The Digital Divide and Educational Inequality in the Age of Online Learning
The rapid expansion of digital technology has transformed educational systems worldwide, particularly following the increased adoption of online learning. However, unequal access to digital devices, internet connectivity, and technological skills has created significant educational disparities. This research investigates how the digital divide affects learning outcomes among students from different socioeconomic backgrounds. The study examines factors such as digital literacy, infrastructure availability, and institutional support using survey data and educational statistics. The findings reveal that students lacking adequate technological resources experience lower academic performance and reduced educational opportunities. The research recommends increased investment in digital infrastructure, affordable internet access, teacher training, and technology-based educational support to ensure equitable learning opportunities for all students.
Climate Change, Environmental Justice, and Community Resilience: A Social Science Perspective
Climate change has become one of the most pressing global challenges, affecting communities through rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and environmental degradation. While environmental impacts are widespread, vulnerable populations often experience disproportionate consequences due to social and economic inequalities. This study examines the relationship between climate change, environmental justice, and community resilience. It explores how local communities respond to environmental risks through adaptation strategies, sustainable resource management, and disaster preparedness. The findings indicate that effective governance, community participation, and equitable access to environmental resources significantly strengthen resilience. The research also highlights the importance of integrating social justice principles into climate policies to protect marginalized populations and promote sustainable development.
Urbanization and Its Impact on Family Structure, Social Relationships, and Community Life
Rapid urbanization has transformed traditional family systems and patterns of social interaction across many societies. Migration to cities for employment and education has contributed to the growth of nuclear families while reducing the prevalence of extended family living arrangements. This study explores the social consequences of urbanization on family relationships, intergenerational support, and community cohesion. It examines changes in parenting, elderly care, social isolation, and neighborhood interaction through qualitative interviews and demographic analysis. The findings reveal that urbanization provides greater educational and employment opportunities but also increases work-related stress, weakens community networks, and reduces family support systems. The research emphasizes the importance of urban planning, family-friendly policies, and community development programs in maintaining social well-being amid rapid urban growth.
Gender Equality and Women's Economic Empowerment: Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Societies
Women's economic empowerment plays a critical role in promoting inclusive growth and sustainable development. Despite improvements in education and workforce participation, women continue to face barriers such as wage inequality, occupational segregation, limited financial resources, and discriminatory social norms. This research examines the relationship between gender equality policies and women's economic participation in developing societies. Through comparative analysis of employment data, government policies, and case studies, the study identifies factors that encourage women's entrepreneurship, financial independence, and leadership opportunities. The findings indicate that access to education, microfinance, legal protection, and supportive workplace policies significantly improve women's economic outcomes. However, cultural expectations and institutional discrimination continue to restrict equal opportunities. The study recommends gender-responsive public policies, investment in women's education, and stronger legal frameworks to achieve long-term economic and social equality.